Trailer wiring questions

Hi,
Been testing the lights on my trailer as they did not work when plugged in to the car and have a few questions on how it all works

I have been looking on the web and there seems to be mixed opinions on how the trailer is actually earthed.
Some say via the tow ball
Some say via the chains
Some say via the earth wire in the plugs (what I thought would have been the one)

Can some one please tell me which of the above is correct or the standard, perhaps all are? Mind you if you have grease on the tow ball then you would lose connectivity

Another question is how can I test if the trailer plug is OK. I know how to verify the car side is working but am unsure how to test if the trailer plug is working or not .

By the way after testing etc and cleaning the tow ball and separating the trailer plug pins a bit all was good.

Thanks in advance,
Richard
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